Critical Mass and Network Size

with Application to the US FAX Market*

Nicholas Economides** and Charles Himmelberg***

August 1995

Abstract

We analyze the equilibrium size of networks under alternative market structures. Networks are characterized by positive size externalities (commonly called "network externalities"). That is, the benefits of the addition of an extra node (or an extra customer) exceed the private benefits accruing to the particular node (or customer). A direct consequence of this demand structure is that perfect competition does not implement the optimal outcome. Because of the externality, there exists a range of prices within which three different network sizes can be supported as equilibria: a zero size network, an intermediate size that is unstable, and a large stable and Pareto optimal one. We expect that the market will select the largest of the three equilibrium networks. As a result, small networks will not observed. We call critical mass the size of the smallest network that can be supported in equilibrium. Alternative allocation systems internalize the network externality to different degrees, and therefore result in a variety of sizes of critical masses and price-network size paths. A welfare-maximizing planner supports a larger network than results in perfect competition. Surprisingly, a monopolist, even if allowed to influence consumers' expectations, always chooses a network of smaller size than in perfect competition. Oligopolists of compatible network goods support networks of smaller size than perfect competition and larger than monopoly. We extend our results to durable goods in a dynamic setting. In the presence of a downward time trend for industry marginal cost, the presence of network externalities increases the speed at which market demand grows. We use this prediction to calibrate the model and obtain estimates of the parameter measuring a consumer's valuation of the installed base (i.e., the network effect) using aggregate time series data on prices and quantities in the US fax market.

Key words: networks, critical mass, fax, externalities

JEL Classification: L1, D4

* We thank Paul David, Birgit Grodal, Peter Howitt, Boyan Jovanovic, Paul Krugman, Ed Lazear, Pino Lopomo, Carmen Matutes, Joe Ostroy, Sam Peltzman, Jean-Charles Rochet, Hal Varian, Larry White, and participants of the 22nd annual Telecommunications Policy Research Conference, the conference "Networks and Competition" at Toulouse, and at seminars at the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, New York University, Rutgers, Stanford, UC Berkeley, UCLA, the University of Chicago, and the University of Michigan for comments and suggestions.

** Stern School of Business, New York, NY 10012, tel. (212) 998-0864, fax (212) 995-4218, e-mail: neconomi@stern.nyu.edu, www: http://raven.stern.nyu.edu/networks/

*** Columbia Business School, New York, NY 10027, chimmelb@groucho.gsb.columbia.edu.

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