Interview with John Irons of the Mining Company
The Economics of Networks: Interview with N. Economides
Part 2
Dateline: 3/30/98
Intro |
Part
1: On Networks | Part 2:
On Networked Industries and Market Structure
| Part 3: On Policy and Microsoft
On Networked Industries and Market Structure
Q: |
Is seems that when significant network externalities exist, there
may be a natural trend towards monopoly or imperfect competition. What
factors influence the path of market structure in network industries? |
In all economic activity history plays some role. For example, the
AT&T trademark assures consumers of a certain level of competence and
customer service. Similarly, when two operating systems of the same functionality,
quality, and efficiency are offered at the same price, consumers
will tend to buy the OS for which there are more applications. Microsoft
and other OS sellers spend a significant amount of money and effort to
make sure that independent software companies write applications for their
operating system. An OS seller may also keep its price low to guarantee
wide acceptance of its OS so that independent software companies anticipate
a large market and write software for this OS. The market outcome depends
on historical market share, but most importantly, it depends on the pricing
strategies of the competitors and the availability of software compatible
with each OS. The winner is often the company that is willing to sell at
a low price for a long time to gain market share and reap the externalities.
The loser is typically the firm that sells at a high price, receives short
term profits, but loses in the long run. Being first is useful, but persistence
and the correct pricing policy are more important.
In summary, we have the paradoxical situation where the winning firm
(that has high market share) is at the same time the company that sells
at a low price. Sacrifices in price pay off in higher market share, and
market share in more valuable when the industry has network externalities,
since higher sales signify higher value. In this process, consumers benefit
from the low market price.
I have shown in theoretical models (see "Compatibility
and Market Structure for Network Goods") that monopoly (or a very concentrated
industry) can be a natural free-entry equilibrium in a market where there
are very strong externalities. In such a market, at a natural equilibrium,
the leading firm can have three times the market share than the second
firm, the second largest firm can have three times the market share of
the third firm, and so on. Moreover, sometimes it is better for society
to have a more concentrated industry because then society realizes the
benefits of high network externalities of the leading platform.
Q: |
From a welfare maximizing point of view, should we prefer one market
structure over another? |
My paper "Compatibility
and Market Structure for Network Goods" shows that sometimes a more
concentrated market results in higher social welfare than a less concentrated
market. A judgement has to be based on the very specific features of a
market.
Q: |
It seems difficult to forecast the financial success of a producer
of a good subject to network externalities. Do network externalities imply
a "winner take all" industry? |
A network consists of many complementary components. The use of a number
of components is required to produce a final service. Often the components
of the network have their own markets. A firm can be most successful if
it can monopolize the market for one crucial component while markets for
complementary components are competitive. The failure of analysts to distinguish
between promising and not promising ventures arises from a failure to adequately
define the market for the final service or from a failure to identify the
extent of market power in each of the markets for the components.
Q: |
You have, in past research, focused on interesting issues raised
by networks such as technical compatibility and standards, interconnection,
pricing, etc. In what direction is your current and future research headed? |
I am currently doing research in telecommunications and on network
industries in general. The latest papers are on the "Economics
of Networks" web site.
Intro |
Part 1: On Networks | Part 2: On Networked Industries and Market
Structure
| Part 3: On Policy and Microsoft
Back to the top page (Internet Site for Network Economics)